sample itself, explains the medieval carbon dating results. Furthermore, several other sindonologists have identified various anomalies that also seem to point to undocumented repairs (Gervasio, 1986:

Heterotrophs are bacteria that utilize preformed carbon, such as that found in dead bacteria. Some bacteria are aerobic and require molecular oxygen for metabolism. Molecular oxygen is well known to

Neutrons would have converted existing nitrogen into carbon, thus accounting for the medieval radiocarbon date, and at the same time enriched the calcium and chlorine content of the Shroud as well,

Carbon Date the Shroud Again?” A fairly wide ranging exploration of the various samples of the Shroud that might be still available, an alleged JUNE 2015 PAGE 35 BRITISH SOCIETY FOR THE TURIN SHROUD

When carbon dating tests carried out on the Shroud in 1988 were widely broadcast as ‘proving’ the cloth to be a medieval fake Lennox, unlike so many others, most admirably held steadfast to his

Mantegna, Leonardo, Rembrandt and Rubens...Carbon dating now concludes that the linen is medieval in origin. But no one has shown how an artist produced an object so complex in historical accuracy and

somewhat out of date in his belief in the 1988 experiment, for subsequent findings have provided a growing mound of evidence that the carbon dating result is unreliable. It was also disappointing to

purpose in any such removal. Between 1988 and now neither of the Shroud's custodian cardinals, as executors of the policies of the Holy See, have indicated any immediate intention to continue with scientific

When back in April 1988 Turin microanalyst Giovanni Riggi took the famous samples for carbon dating, for his own purposes he also removed with the aid of sticky tape a small sample of 'blood' from the

Ten years later at 9:50 AM, 6 May 1988, the first AMS 14C measurement on the Turin shroud was carried out at the University of Arizona, using one quarter of the total 2 cm2 they had received - a ½